Hire and pay employees in Croatia quickly and compliantly

Complying with labor and employment laws in Croatia

Croatia's labor laws are governed by the Labour Act (Zakon o radu), which outlines the rights and obligations of employers and employees. As a member of the European Union, Croatia also aligns with EU directives on employment standards. Understanding and adhering to these laws is essential for maintaining compliance and fostering positive employee relations.

No matter where in the world you hire, learning the ins and outs of labor and employment laws in new jurisdictions isn’t easy, and Croatia’s laws are as complex as any other country’s. If you’re looking to hire in Croatia, simplify your compliance work by partnering with Rippling EOR, which offers expert HR support on local employment regulations so your business is always up to date on the latest laws in Croatia and beyond.

Employment contracts in Croatia

An employment contract is a legally binding agreement between an employer and an employee that outlines the terms and conditions of the employment relationship. Under the Labour Act, employment contracts in Croatia must be in writing and contain certain information:

• Names, personal identification numbers, and the employer’s and employee’s addresses
• Place of work
• Job title
• Job description
• Start date
• End date, if it’s a fixed-term contract
• Amount of annual leave the employee will receive (or how the amount of annual leave will be determined)
• Termination procedures, including required notice periods
• Payment information, including salary or wages and any other payments the employee will receive
• Working hours, including whether the employee is full-time or part-time
• Whether the employee has the right to education or training
• Details on the probation period, if applicable

Contracts can be for a fixed term or indefinite duration. Fixed-term contracts are limited to a maximum of three years, after which they may be considered indefinite if renewed.

Labor unions in Croatia

Trade unions play a somewhat significant role in Croatia's labor landscape, and worker participation is close to the EU average—around a quarter of employees belong to a union. Historically, unions have advocated for workers' rights and engaged in collective bargaining, helping shape employment rights across the country. Notable trade unions include:

• Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Croatia (SSSH): The largest trade union confederation, representing various sectors of workers across the country
• Independent Trade Unions of Croatia (NHS): The second-largest trade union center in the country, with more than 100,000 members
• Digital Platform Workers' Trade Union (SRDP): Established to represent gig economy workers, such as rideshare drivers and food delivery workers

Employers should be aware of the presence and influence of unions within their industry and engage in dialogue when necessary.

Mitigating permanent establishment risk in Croatia

A permanent establishment (PE) is a key principle in international taxation used to determine whether a company has a sufficient physical presence in another country to trigger local tax obligations. Typically involving a fixed business location abroad, a PE can make a company liable for corporate taxes on income earned within that jurisdiction.

The definition of permanent establishment can vary depending on tax treaties and local laws, but it typically includes a place of management, a branch, an office, a factory, a workshop, or any other fixed place where business activities are carried out. Some activities, like preparatory or auxiliary functions, may not constitute a permanent establishment under certain tax treaties.

Croatia defines a business unit of a non-resident following the OECD model, which includes:

• Places of management
• Branches
• Offices
• Factories
• Workshops
• Mines
• Oil or gas wells
• Any other place of extraction of natural resources
• Construction sites or projects that last longer than six months
• Agents acting on behalf of a non-resident who have the authority to enter into contracts or hold stock of products distributed in the Croatian market in the name of a foreign entrepreneur

The model also says that a company may trigger PE when a non-resident business unit performs services in Croatia for at least three months in a 12-month period.

Businesses expanding to, doing business in, or hiring in Croatia can mitigate their PE risk by:

• Keeping employees in supportive roles only and avoiding direct contract signings in Croatia
• Concluding major sales or signings outside of Croatia
• Documenting staff tasks carefully to show no final authority for contract closures
• Consulting a local tax advisor for clarity about the risk of inadvertently forming a PE in Croatia

Probationary period in Croatia

A probationary period is used to assess and monitor the performance of new employees. In Croatia, employers can include a probationary period in employment contracts, but probation periods cannot exceed six months. The one exception is if an employee is absent from work during the trial period due to valid reasons, such as illness or parental leave, then the trial period may be extended accordingly.

Employers can choose a shorter probation period, but they must honor whatever is included in the employment contract. Either party can terminate the contract during the probationary period with a minimum notice period of seven days.

Local laws in Croatia

Beyond the Labour Act, employers in Croatia must follow other important rules and regulations, like data protection laws and EU directives on pay transparency. Observing the entire landscape of labor and employment laws fosters trust among employees and ensures your business doesn’t hit compliance snags during its expansion into Croatia.

Here are some key areas of Croatian law relevant to foreign employers:

• Data protection: Croatia has fully adopted the GDPR, which requires employers to carefully handle employees’ personal data to protect it from leaks and theft.
• Strict protections for pregnant employees and those on maternity leave: In Croatia, employees who are pregnant or have recently given birth are protected from negative job changes. Employers cannot refuse to hire, terminate, or amend a contract to less favorable terms if an employee is pregnant or on maternity leave.
• Equal pay for equal work: Employers are required to pay men and women equally for the same roles under employment laws in Croatia. The EU Pay Transparency Directive requires them to be transparent about pay disparities so employees can identify and address them.

Worker classification and misclassification in Croatia: Contractors vs. employees

When hiring new talent in Croatia, you need to decide which type of working arrangement—independent contractor or full-time employee—is better suited for your business needs. Plus, distinguishing between employees and independent contractors is crucial for legal compliance, as misclassification can lead to significant legal and financial repercussions.

Learn more about the key distinctions between the two below.

Worker classification in Croatia: Key differences between contractors and employees

Consequences of misclassification in Croatia

Misclassifying workers in Croatia can result in serious consequences. Some of the potential risks include: 

• Back payments: Employers may be liable for unpaid taxes, social security contributions, and employee benefits retroactively for any employees they misclassify.
• Fines and penalties: Authorities can impose fines for noncompliance with labor and employment laws.
• Legal action: Misclassified workers may sue for employment rights, leading to potential court rulings against the employer.

To avoid these issues, it's essential for employers in Croatia and other jurisdictions to assess the nature of the working relationship accurately and consider consulting legal experts when in doubt.

Wages and payroll in Croatia

When expanding into (or hiring in) a new, foreign jurisdiction, managing wages and payroll is one of the most complex parts of the process. This is true as businesses consider expanding into Croatian cities like Zagreb, Split, or Rijeka—you’ll need to learn the country’s minimum wage, typical monthly pay cycles, and the approach to social insurance withholdings, because calculating employees’ salaries is only one step in the process.

Here’s what employers need to know about wages and payroll in Croatia.

Minimum wage in Croatia

Effective Jan. 1, 2025, Croatia's national gross minimum wage is €970 per month. The Croatian government periodically reviews the minimum wage and makes adjustments based on the cost of living—the 2025 minimum is an increase of more than €100 a month from the 2024 minimum wage.

Croatia’s minimum wage applies uniformly across all parts of the country. However, certain industries, such as construction or hospitality, may have higher minimums stipulated in collective bargaining agreements. It’s up to employers to make sure all their employees’ wages comply with both national standards and any applicable sector-specific agreements.

In urban centers, many employees earn higher salaries than the minimum (for example, in Zagreb, the average net monthly salary was €1,416 as of February 2025). Many roles, especially in specialized fields, also command wages above the minimum threshold.

Payroll frequency in Croatia

While Croatian labor law doesn’t dictate any specific payroll frequencies, it’s most common for the country’s employers to pay their employees monthly. Employment laws do state that employers must pay wages no later than the 15th day of the month following the pay period. Payments are typically made via bank transfer, as cash payments are generally discouraged to ensure transparency and compliance.

Employers are also required to provide employees with a detailed payslip for each payment period. It should include the employee’s gross pay, deductions (such as taxes and social contributions), and net pay. Employers may deliver payslips in paper form or electronically, depending on the company's practices and employee preferences.

In practice, many Croatian companies align their payroll cycles with the end of the calendar month.

13th month pay in Croatia 

13th month pay is an additional payment given to employees, usually equivalent to one month’s salary. Employers commonly give this payment as a holiday or year-end bonus, and many European countries mandate it as a statutory benefit for employees. While not mandated by Croatian law, the practice of offering a 13th month salary, especially as a Christmas or holiday bonus, is customary in many organizations. The bonus is typically disbursed in December and serves as a gesture of appreciation and goodwill during the holiday season.

The provision of a 13th month salary is generally at the employer's discretion, unless stipulated in an employment agreement or collective agreement. In sectors where collective agreements are prevalent, such as public administration or certain manufacturing industries, 13th month pay may be more common.

Employers considering the introduction of a 13th month salary should clearly outline the terms and conditions in employment contracts or company policies to ensure transparency and manage employee expectations.

Run payroll compliantly in Croatia

Ensuring compliance with Croatian payroll regulations involves several key responsibilities for employers:

1. Tax withholdings: Employers must accurately calculate and withhold personal income tax from employees' salaries. The tax rates are progressive, and local surtaxes may apply, varying by municipality (more on this below).
2. Record keeping: Employers must maintain detailed records of payroll transactions, including payslips, tax filings, and employment contracts.
3. Compliance with local laws: Employers must ensure that all employment practices, including working hours, overtime pay, and leave entitlements, comply with the Croatian Labour Act.

Given the complexities of Croatian payroll regulations, many companies opt to partner with employer of record (EOR) services. An EOR can handle all aspects of payroll processing, tax compliance, and employee benefits administration, allowing businesses to focus on their core operations while ensuring adherence to local laws. Rippling EOR makes hiring and paying employees across the globe quicker and easier than ever.

Employer and employee taxes in Croatia

Navigating the Croatian tax system is essential for any business aiming to establish or expand operations in the country. Croatia's tax framework is a blend of national regulations and EU directives, overseen by the Croatian Tax Administration (Porezna uprava). Employers must be diligent when they calculate and remit the appropriate withholdings from employees' salaries, maintaining compliance with social contributions, income tax, and other regulations.

Here are the key things to understand about employer and employee taxes in Croatia.

Employer taxes in Croatia

Here are the mandatory employer payroll taxes in Croatia:

Employee taxes in Croatia

Employers must deduct the following contributions from employees’ paychecks as a percentage of their income:

Croatian employees also pay progressive income tax, meaning they pay higher tax rates the more they earn. 

Penalties for not paying taxes in Croatia

Failure to adhere to tax obligations can result in significant penalties, including interest on late payments, back payments, fines, and potential legal action. A robust payroll system or local accounting support can protect you from tax pitfalls, or you can mitigate international tax compliance problems by letting an EOR handle payroll taxes on your behalf. The EOR makes sure all your local taxes are paid correctly and on time, allowing you to focus on growing your business in Croatia and beyond.

Employee benefits in Croatia

Offering comprehensive employee benefits can help your company stand out when trying to attract and retain top talent, especially in hiring landscapes where competition is fierce. In Croatia, certain benefits are mandatory under the Labour Act, and many employers combine them with optional perks to enhance their attractiveness in the job market.

Understanding benefits requirements early on can keep you from landing in hot water with Croatian authorities down the line. Here’s an overview of the mandatory and optional benefits in Croatia.

Mandatory benefits in Croatia

Mandatory benefits are legally required, meaning employers have to offer them to their employees. In Croatia, these benefits include paid leave (which we cover in the next section), as well as: 

• Health insurance: Employers contribute 16.5% of the employee's gross salary to fund the national health insurance system, ensuring employees have access to healthcare services.
• Pension insurance: Employers aren’t required to contribute to pension insurance—only employees are—but it’s still a mandatory benefit under the Labour Act. Employers need to withhold contributions and remit pension contributions on their employees’ behalf.

Optional benefits in Croatia

To attract and retain top talent, many Croatian employers offer additional fringe benefits beyond the statutory requirements. This improves your chances of attracting top talent, but choosing which ones to offer can feel overwhelming. Here are the most common additional benefits in Croatia:

• Supplementary health insurance: Provides employees with access to private healthcare services, reducing wait times and offering a broader range of medical options
• Meal allowances: Employers may offer meal vouchers or subsidies, enhancing employee satisfaction and well-being
• Transportation subsidies: Assisting employees with commuting costs, particularly beneficial in urban areas like Zagreb or Split
• Flexible work arrangements: Flexible schedules and telework are popular optional benefits for employees in Croatia
• Professional development: Funding for courses, certifications, or conferences to support employee growth and skill enhancement

While these benefits are not mandated by law, they play a crucial role in fostering a positive work environment and can be a deciding factor for candidates evaluating job offers.

Working hours, overtime, and leave in Croatia

When you expand your business internationally, managing working hours, overtime regulations, and leave laws can be one of the most complicated parts of managing global employment. These regulations can vary significantly from country to country, so on top of needing to know and implement all the different requirements, your organization faces compliance risks if you get any of them wrong, even inadvertently.

Rooted in the Croatian Labour Act, the rules in the country align with EU directives, emphasizing employee well-being and work-life balance. Whether you're establishing operations in Zagreb's bustling business districts or the serene coastal towns of Dalmatia, understanding these regulations is paramount. Here’s what employers need to know.

Standard working hours in Croatia

In Croatia, the standard workweek is capped at 40 hours, typically distributed over five days, resulting in eight-hour workdays. This structure is prevalent across various sectors. If an employee wants to increase their hours beyond this, they must get written permission from their employer.

Overtime laws in Croatia

If an employee works more than 40 hours a week, they must be paid an overtime rate. Overtime work in Croatia is permissible under specific conditions and is subject to stringent regulations to prevent employee exploitation. Employers are required to provide valid reasons for requiring overtime work, and the employee must agree to the extra hours. Overtime is also limited to 250 hours per year.

While the Labour Act mandates that overtime work be compensated at a higher rate than regular hours, the exact rate is typically defined in collective agreements or employment contracts. Employers are obligated to uphold the rate set in the agreement that applies to their employee(s).

Rest period and break laws in Croatia

Under the Labour Act, employees are guaranteed certain rest periods and breaks, both during and between work shifts. At a minimum, employers must allow for:

• Daily rest: Employees are entitled to a minimum of 12 consecutive hours of rest between two working days. For seasonal workers in specific industries, this can be reduced to 10 hours under certain conditions.
• Weekly rest: Employees must receive at least 24 consecutive hours of rest each week, typically on Sundays. If work on Sunday is unavoidable, employees must receive an alternative rest day.
• Breaks during work: For workdays lasting at least six hours, employees are entitled to a minimum 30-minute break, which is included in the working hours. For minors working more than four and a half hours, the same break duration applies.

Leave laws in Croatia

Croatian labor law provides a comprehensive framework for different types of leave, making sure employees can balance work with their personal and family responsibilities.

Here are the types of leave employees are entitled to receive in Croatia:

• Annual leave: Under the Labour Act, employees are entitled to a minimum of four weeks of annual leave once they’ve completed six months of employment. When taking paid time off, employees are entitled to full compensation equal to their average salary in the three months prior to the start of their leave. Minors and employees exposed to harm (firefighters, mine workers, divers, etc.) receive extra paid time off: a minimum of five weeks per year.
• Sick leave: Employees are entitled to 42 sick days per year, paid by their employer at 70% of their regular salary or wage. Any sick leave beyond 42 days is paid by the employer and then reimbursed by the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (HZZO).
• Maternity leave: Employees who give birth are entitled to 98 days of paid maternity leave—28 days before the due date and 70 days after giving birth. Under special circumstances based on a medical assessment, mothers may extend paid leave before the due date to 45 days. Mothers can also extend their leave after giving birth until the child is six months old, but additional leave is unpaid.
• Paternity leave: Fathers or equivalent second parents are entitled to 10 days of paid paternity leave, regardless of their marital or family status. This is extended to 15 days in the case of twins or multiples. Second parents can take paternity leave at any time within the first six months following the child’s birth or placement from adoption.
• Parental leave: Following the first six months after the birth of a child (which are covered by maternity leave), both parents are entitled to take unpaid parental leave—up to four months per child for the first two children and 15 months per child for any subsequent children or for twins or multiples. Parents must take parental leave before the child’s eighth birthday.
• Public holidays: Croatia observes 13 national public holidays. These include:
• New Year’s Day
• Epiphany
• Easter Monday
• Labour Day
• Statehood Day
• Corpus Christi
• Anti-Fascist Resistance Day
• Victory & Homeland Thanksgiving Day
• Assumption Day
• All Saints’ Day
• Remembrance Day
• Christmas Day
• St Stephen’s Day

Work permits in Croatia

As you expand your business in Croatia, you may need to hire a global workforce, including foreign talent. As the employer, it’s up to you to make sure all your job candidates can legally work in Croatia before they start work, which may require the correct work permits that allow them to live and work in the country.

Croatia belongs to the European Union (EU), which means workers from fellow EU/EEA countries and Switzerland follow different rules than potential hires from other jurisdictions. Understanding the nuances of Croatia's work permit system is crucial for compliance and smooth operations. Regardless of the type of work they’ll be doing, you and your employees need to follow the correct legal steps or risk penalties like fines or deportation. Here’s what employers need to know.

Who needs a work visa in Croatia?

Citizens of the European Union (EU), European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland enjoy the freedom to live and work in Croatia without a visa or work permit—so do citizens and permanent residents of Croatia, of course.

However, third-country nationals (non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens) must obtain a residence and work permit to legally work in Croatia. This permit is typically tied to a specific employer and job position. The application process involves both the employer and the prospective employee and is overseen by the Ministry of the Interior and the Croatian Employment Service (HZZ).

How long does it take to get a work visa in Croatia?

Processing times average 30-60 days, but can vary depending on many factors, including application volume at any given time, and whether the job applicant submits a complete application and all documents correctly, or if the HZZ needs to follow up to request corrections or any further information. If your new hire needs to start work by a certain date, it’s a good idea to start the visa process well in advance to give yourself extra time in case of processing delays.

Types of work visas in Croatia

Croatia offers several types of work visas and permits. The most common types for foreign, full-time employees include:

• Residence and work permit: This is the standard permit for third-country nationals employed by a Croatian company. It combines both residence and work authorization and is typically valid for up to one year, with the possibility of renewal.
• EU Blue Card: Designed for highly qualified workers, the EU Blue Card allows third-country nationals to live and work in Croatia for up to two years. Applicants must have a higher education qualification and a binding job offer with a salary threshold above the average in Croatia.
• Work Registration Certification: This is intended for short-term work assignments, such as consultants, lecturers, or performers, and is typically issued for either 30 or 90 days.
• Digital Nomad Visa: Introduced in 2021, this visa allows remote workers employed by non-Croatian companies to reside in Croatia for up to one year. Applicants must demonstrate sufficient income, health insurance coverage, and a clean criminal record.

Termination and redundancy in Croatia

When making your first hire in Croatia, termination policies might be far from your mind. But if you don’t know the basics about offboarding employees in Croatia, you could be setting yourself up for trouble when it’s time to part ways with an employee down the road.

Here’s what to know about termination and redundancy rules in Croatia.

Does at-will employment exist in Croatia?

At-will employment is a legal doctrine common in countries like the United States. It means that either the employer or the employee can terminate the employment relationship at any time, for any reason—or even no reason—without prior notice, as long as the reason is not illegal.

But in Croatia, at-will employment does not exist. Employment relationships are governed by the Labour Act, which stipulates that termination must be based on justified cause, such as business-related reasons (redundancy), personal reasons (inability to perform duties), or misconduct. Employers are required to provide written notice specifying the reason for termination and must adhere to prescribed notice periods. Regardless of the reason an employer gives for a termination, employees may challenge the validity of the dismissal in court.

Notice periods in Croatia

A notice period is the amount of time an employee or employer is required to give before ending an employment relationship. During this period, the employee continues to work while preparing for their departure, and the employer has time to find a replacement or manage the transition.

In Croatia, the required notice depends on the employee’s seniority and age:

Employees over the age of 50 are entitled to an additional two weeks of notice, while employees over the age of 55 receive an additional four weeks of notice. During their notice period, employees can be absent from work for four hours a week to look for new employment.

Severance pay in Croatia

Severance pay is compensation provided to an employee when they are laid off, terminated, or leave a company under certain conditions. In Croatia, employees with at least two years of service are entitled to severance pay if their employment is terminated for business or personal reasons (excluding misconduct). The statutory minimum severance pay is one-third of the employee's average monthly salary for each year of service, capped at six times the average monthly salary. Collective agreements or individual contracts may provide for higher severance payments.

How to terminate employees compliantly in Croatia

Ending an employment contract in Croatia requires a valid reason, proper notice, and severance if there’s no severe misconduct. Mishandling any step can cause problems for employers—employees in Croatia always have the right to challenge dismissals from their jobs, which means compliance is extremely important when ending employment relationships in Croatia. Here are the key steps in the process:

1. Identify a justified reason. Make sure the reason for termination is legally valid, such as redundancy, personal incapacity, or misconduct.
2. Provide written notice. Deliver a written notice to the employee specifying the reason for termination and the applicable notice period.
3. Observe the correct notice period. Adhere to the statutory notice periods based on the employee's length of service and age, if applicable.
4. Calculate and pay severance. If applicable, calculate the severance pay according to legal requirements and ensure timely payment.
5. Document the process. Maintain thorough documentation of the termination process to demonstrate compliance with legal obligations.

You may want to consult with legal professionals or HR experts familiar with local labor laws to navigate the complexities of employment termination effectively. When managing a global team, keeping track of the legal requirements around termination regulations can be a huge challenge. Employers have to contend with just-cause rules, varying notice and probation periods, and inconsistent severance laws across different jurisdictions. Instead, consider partnering with an EOR solution, which can take care of compliance on your company’s behalf, ensuring you stay on the right side of the law from onboarding to offboarding.

FAQs about hiring in Croatia

Can I hire employees in Croatia without my own legal entity?

Yes, you can hire employees in Croatia without establishing a local legal entity by partnering with an employer of record (EOR). An EOR acts as the legal employer on your behalf, handling employment contracts, payroll, tax compliance, and benefits administration. This arrangement allows you to manage your employees' day-to-day activities while the EOR ensures compliance with Croatian labor laws. It can be an efficient solution for companies looking to expand into Croatia without the complexities of setting up a subsidiary.

An EOR like Rippling can help you quickly tap into Croatia's talent pool, grow your global workforce, and reduce both compliance risks and administrative workload.

How do I onboard employees in Croatia?

A comprehensive onboarding process allows you to build a strong foundation with your international team members. And onboarding begins well in advance of a new hire’s first day, so plan to get started on the administrative tasks like paperwork and background checks early on. Then, draft a written employment contract, register the employee with the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (HZZO) and the Croatian Pension Insurance Institute (HZMO), obtain their Personal Identification Number (OIB) for tax withholding, and introduce them to company policies, safety procedures, and their team to foster a supportive work environment.

What is the difference between an independent contractor and an employee in Croatia?

In Croatia, the distinction between an employee and an independent contractor is based on the nature of the working relationship. An employee works under the employer's direction, often has set working hours, receives a fixed salary, and is entitled to benefits such as paid leave and social security. An independent contractor operates autonomously, sets their own schedule, receives payment per project or service, and is responsible for their own taxes and contributions. Misclassifying employees as contractors can lead to legal penalties, including fines and back payments of taxes and benefits.

How much does it cost to hire an employee in Croatia?

Aside from recruitment and salary costs, you’ll need to factor in employment costs for contributions to health insurance, which equal 16.5% of each employee’s gross salary.

What are the requirements for work permits in Croatia?

Non-EU/EEA/Swiss nationals typically need a work permit to seek legal employment in Croatia. The most common type is a residence and work permit. The process involves:

1. Labor market test: The employer must check with the Croatian Employment Service (HZZ) to make sure no suitable local candidates are available.
2. Work permit application: The candidate submits their application to the Ministry of the Interior, including the employment contract, proof of qualifications, and other necessary documents.
3. Processing time: Processing typically takes 30-60 days, but times can vary.

Certain professions may be exempt from the labor market test, streamlining the process.

What is always required when an employer terminates an employee in Croatia?

Termination of employment in Croatia must adhere to strict legal procedures, and employees always have the right to challenge dismissals in court, regardless of the reason. Employers must:

1. Have a justified reason. The employer must provide a valid reason, such as business-related issues, personal incapacity, or misconduct.
2. Observe a statutory notice period. This varies based on the employee's length of service and age, ranging from two weeks to four months.
3. Pay severance, if applicable. Employees with at least two years of service are entitled to severance pay, calculated as one-third of their average monthly salary for each year of service, capped at six months' salary.

Failure to follow these procedures can result in legal disputes and financial penalties.

How does a US company pay a foreign employee in Croatia?

There are generally three ways a US company can pay a foreign employee in Croatia:

1. Form a local entity and open a local bank account to run payroll according to Croatian law (including all relevant withholdings).
2. Partner with an EOR that specializes in global employment and manages salary, insurance, and taxes on your behalf.
3. Use a global payroll service that can integrate payroll for multiple countries.

Disclaimer: Rippling and its affiliates do not provide tax, legal, or accounting advice. This material has been prepared for informational purposes only, and is not intended to provide, and should not be relied on for, tax, legal, or accounting advice. You should consult your own tax, legal, and accounting advisors before engaging in any related activities or transactions.